The Significance of Technology Depicted in Bradburys...

Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451, is based in a futuristic time where technology rules our everyday lives and books are viewed as a bad thing because it brews free thought. Although today’s technological advances haven’t caught up with Bradbury’s F451, there is a very real danger that society might end up relying on technology at the price of intellectual development. Fahrenheit 451 is based in a futuristic time period and takes place in a large American City on the Eastern Coast. The futuristic world in which Bradbury describes is chilling, a future where all known books are burned by so called firemen. Our main character in Fahrenheit 451 is a fireman known as Guy Montag, he has the visual characteristics of the average†¦show more content†¦She sits home all day and watches her three walls in the living room, that they had equipped with giant TV’s. Mildred bugs Montag for a fourth TV wall. She thinks it would be necessary to achieve th e full effect of her TV programs, but Montag refuses knowing that it is a useless and expensive investment. Montag finds Clarisse waiting at the bus stop the next day. She then informs him that she doesn’t go to school because she’s been labeled anti-social by her teachers. Montag and Clarisse continue to carry on a conversation for a while before he eventually had to go and head off to work. Once he arrives at the fire station an alarm sounds to notify the firemen that someone is in the procession of books and that it is time to perform their duty of burning the house of books. Before the firemen begin to incinerate the house, Montag snatches two of the criminal’s books, and when the old lady who owns the houses refuses to leave her personal possessions to be burned the fireman are ordered to burn the house and its books along with her. This act dwells on Montag to the point where is makes him feel sick and very depressed about the inhumane actions he had performed. Later Captain Beatty, Montag’s captain, stops by Montag’s house to talk to him. While Beatty is there Montag just lies in bed trying to conceal one of the books he took from the houseShow MoreRelated Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay3557 Words   |  15 PagesAnalysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Imagine living in a world where you are not in control of your own thoughts. Imagine living in a world in which all the great thinkers of the past have been blurred from existence. Imagine living in a world where life no longer involves beauty, but instead a controlled system that the government is capable of manipulating. In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, such a world is brought to the awareness of the reader through a description of the impactsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 Pagesanalysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature thro ugh innovation and technology can be analyzed through various

Americas The Victim Advocates - 1131 Words

Americas Victim Advocates Victim advocates and handlers have been around for many years and are entrusted with the responsibility and power to ensure the safety, security, and comfort of American victims. It is true that most people can relate to victims and help them to an extent. However, a Victim Advocate s sole purpose is to serve those in need which makes them the backbone of most departments. It can also be said that victim advocates are an underrated part of law enforcement because while most people idolize detectives and their seemingly glamorous lifestyle against criminals, the men and women that call themselves Victim Advocates protect and serve those in need on an unmatchable level. First, it is important to understand what†¦show more content†¦Along with these responsibilities there are many other requirements to become an advocate of this magnitude. Most professional victim advocates have an associate’s degree, a bachelor’s or a master’s degree in psychology, criminal justice, social work, or education and some organizations require a master’s degree of some type. Unlike other careers, coursework is frequently coupled with intense practical training in social work. This is done because Victim Advocates must hone their listening skills and the teamwork-oriented methods of problem-solving to work effectively with their clients. Advocates generally work with individuals who are emotionally fragile and, as a result, the victims advocate must possess empathy, the ability to listen, and a desire to help others. This position came to be for many different reasons and is a close cousin to the witness protection program. The

Accounting and Finance for Managers Coca Cola Amatil Limited

Question: Describe about the Accounting and Finance for Managers for Coca Cola Amatil Limited. Answer: Introduction: Coca Cola Amatil Limited (Food, Beverage and Tobacco) company is one of the largest bottlers of non-alcoholic beverages in Asia Pacific region and its among the worlds five major Coca-Cola bottlers. It has 29% share of total Coca Cola Company. This Australian beverage and tobacco company was established in the year of 1904. At the beginning of its journey, Coca cola AMATIL LIMITED, was a tobacco company. With time being this company got changed and in the year 1964 it presents a soft drinks to the consumers. In the recent decades this company has huge demand in the Australian market. In the year 1972 the company enlisted in the Australian Stock Exchange (Andini Simatupang, 2014). This company operates in Non-alcoholic beverages, food and tobacco. Company portfolio includes following brands like Coca-Cola varieties, Lift, Sprite, Fanta, Mount Franklin, Jim bean, SPC and many more. In this following report, by considering to make a brief discussion about the financial statements from June 2014 to July 2015 of CCA will come to a conclusion about the financial growth during this period of this company (Rosli, 2012). Discussion: Current financial statement: Mainly there are three financial statements which are being discussed in this context. At first lets consider the income statement of the company. From the income statement of the respective company here, we can state that trading revenue from non-alcohol beverages, Alcohol Coffee and Corporate, food services, in 2015 is 5093.6 million Australian dollars whereas in 2014 the revenue was 4942.8 million dollar. Which denotes that companys trade progressed 3.1 % totally in the year 2015 as compared to the same time of last year 2014(Johnston Sidaway, 2015). Trade is a major part of every business therefore trading revenue significantly shows the performance and growth of the respective company. Moreover, Earning before Interest, tax (EBIT) and significant items was 660.6 in 2015 and 651.5 in 2014. In that case EBIT is also higher at the end of 2015, with an increase of 1.4% totally. There is a significant decrease of net financial cost in the year of 2015, of 35.7 million which also help the company to gain an overall profit of 393.4 million in Australian market. It shows an increment of huge 44.6 % compared to previous year June 2014 (Horng Tsai, 2012). The first part of the financial statement consists current asset. According to this statement the cash asset of the company was 1012.4 million dollar in June, 2014 whereas in December of 2014 the total cash asset turned down to 818.2 million dollar. In 2015 the amount of cash asset increases to 1138.2 million dollar (Huyue, 2012). Thus, there arises a volatility in this cash asset statement. Although volatility is not good for any company but the Coca Cola Amatil Limited increases its cash asset in 2015 that means it increases its asset from the past few years. There are various components in the current asset of a company among them payments, current tax asset, derivatives and inventories are most important part in overall (Nobes, 2012). Asset is mainly the resources of the company. In the balance there are two main components, one is asset and another is liability. If asset of any company increases over time then it meant that the respective company is doing well in respective to its objective or goal of the business. Here the total asset is 2854.0 million dollar in 2015 which is more than the amount 2580.1 (December) and 2574.1(June) in the year 2014. Thus the financial report delivered that the asset of the company is continuously over time. There are exist two types of asset in every firm, one is current asset and another is non-current asset. As there exist derivatives in the current asset, the con current asset is also consists some derivatives. These derivatives may influence the asset. It depends of the type of derivatives that how it will influence on asset of the company (Rae, 2012). Here by, the investments in bottlers agreements is very important issue in this financial data, in this case the amount of investment is 926.0 million dollar in 2015 which is lower than the amount 942.5 million dollar in 2014. It reflects that the investment was not going well in these two years. Moreover, the amount of intangible asset(nonphysical asset : it may be goodwill of the company, copyright, trade names or many other nonphysical asset) is 324.0 in 2015 which is also lower than the amount which stand in the June in 2014and in December in 2014. As long as the tangible asset or physical asset like property, plant and equipment is 1977.7 million dollar in the year 2015 which is also lower than the amount 2031.2 resulted in December 2014 and 2007.5 million dollar in June 2014 (Boulos et al. 2012). Although, the total noncurrent amount was 6322.1 million dollar in end of July 2015 which is more than the amount 3446.3 resulted in December, 2014 but not more than 3502.2 which has been resulted in June 2014. Therefore, the amount of total asset of the company was $2854.0 + $3468.1 = $ 6322.1 million at the end of last financial year. The amount of the total asset is massively higher than the both of the amount in June and December 2014. As the current asset is massively higher than the past records therefore as the amount of noncurrent asset is low the there is a state of balancing by which the total asset has been balanced. Here the derivatives also played an important role (Hattersley Isaacs Burch, 2013). The condition of derivatives in both of the cases current and non-current asset is much higher than past records. In case of noncurrent asset the proportion of derivatives is $95.3 million whereas in current asset it was $46.2 million. After discussion the asset of the company coca cola now lets consider the next part that is liability of the company. According to the accountant if the liability is higher than it reflects badly in its financial statement. Liability can be said as a responsibility, it may be the loans taken from a particular bank or may be the tax liability. There are two parts of liability, first part is the current liabilities and the second one is noncurrent liabilities. The current liability consists trade and other payments, derivatives, current tax liabilities, interest bearing liabilities, provision and trade and other payables (Healy Palepu, 2012). If a company increases its asset then significantly good for the company but in case of liability it is reverse. As much as the liability is will badly affect the company (Beekes, Brown Zhang, 2015). In 2015 the total amount of current liabilities is 1924.1 million dollar which is deliberately higher than the current liabilities in 2014 (1680.8 million dollar in December and 1567.6 million dollar in June). Along with the asset the liabilities was also going to be higher in 2015 which is not good for the company. In this segment the trade and payables which massively fall down from 1182.4 million dollar to 996.3 million dollar that means the companys liability towards trade is lower than before but in case of interesting bearing liabilities it reflects that in 2015 the interest bearing liabilities is more than double of the amount in December, 2014(325.3). Interest bearing liabilities denote the coca cola has taken loan to some financial institution or banks, therefore, over time it has to pay interest against to this loan. This amount of loan significantly increases from 2014 to 2015 (Fre Grosskopf, 2012). Similarly, considering the non-current liabilities then it can be stated that the total noncurrent liabilities is lower than the past record of 2014. The figure was 2100.1 million dollar in 2015 which is much lower than the amount 2658.9 million dollar and 2832.3 million dollar respectively in December in 2014 and July in 2014. Therefore, the total liabilities is = $2100.1 + $1924.1 = $4024.2 million which is lower compare to $4339.7 million and $4399.9 million. Thus, it can be stated from this figure that companys liabilities is going to be lower in 2015 rather than in 2014. Therefore net asset of the company will be the amount of total asset after deducting the total liabilities. Hence, in this financial statement of Coca Cola Amatil Limited the total asset in the 015 is $6322.1 million whereas, the total liabilities is $4024.2. Then the net asset amount is = $6322.1-$4024.2 = $2297.9 million. The amount of net asset is also higher than the last year amount which is $1686.7. Equity is the percentage of share of the respective company which it sell in the market. As Coca Cola is listed in the Australian Stock Exchange it has 29% per of total share in the open market. Now if the company want to rise its proportion of share which is holds by the shareholders in the market then it has to get permission from the state authority. Authority attentively goes through the performance of the respective company and then gives permission if it deserves. In the financial statement of 2015 it has been declared that the total equity of the company is 2297.9 million dollar. In the year 2014 the total equity share of the company was 1686.7 million dollar at the end of December and 1676.4 million dollar in June 2014.(Appendix1) As the equity is much higher in last financial year so it can be said that the performance of Coca Cola is well in last year. The proportion of share capital is 2271.7 million dollar which is same in three quarters as well but share held by equity is 17.4 million dollar in 2015. Other hand the non-controlling interest is 3.6.6 which is ten times than the interest in December, 2014 in June, 2014. Hereby, the performance of the company is repetitively going well. Statement of Cash Flow: Among the three financial statements, cash flow is significantly shows the amount of Net cash flow from operating activities and net cash flow used in investing activities. Net cash flows from operating activities includes all cost which are related to all activities in the factory, like wages, depreciation, other payments related to the production procedure. Thus, the cost of operating activities is 161.2 million dollar whereas, in the year 2014 the operating cost of coca cola was 256.6 million dollar. Compare these two figure it can be stated that as the cost of operating activity is much lower in last financial year so it will oil the revenue figure of the respective company (Goldberg, 2012). Now in the second part of the cash flow statement net cash flow in investing activities are considered. It mainly includes the cash flow of the investment required for the business. Invest in long term deposit is 67.7 million dollar which is lower than 100 million dollar in 2014. Moreover, the addition of property is 85.7 million dollar, which is also lower in 2015 rather than 2014. In objective to run, a business there requires an adequate amount of financial support. Therefore, financing activities is also a part of cash flow statement, which should be considered as net cash flow from financing activities (Van Uytsel, 2012). Apart from this three part in cash flow statement, the cash and cash equivalents are also played a major role to influence the whole strategy of business. In the year 2015 the cash equivalent amount is 1,132.9 million dollar but in case of 2014 the amount is little bit low and the figure was around 1009.9 million dollar. Analysis of current competitors strength: There is a huge demand of beverage business overall Australian market. There exist many other beverages company which are running their business. But, Coca-Cola Amatil Company faces a price pressure from other big brand like Golden Circle, PepsiCo, Kriks. All these companies are in the field of competitor market in Australian Supermarket business. According to an article published in the Sydney Morning, the Woolworth and Coal who has maximum 80% of total market share continuously throw the challenges to the Coca-Cola Amatil company (Taylor, 2012). Moreover, because of this price pressure, CCA has been pressured by those competitors to lower its product price in Australian market. The main competition CCA is getting in Australia is its Supermarket business, price reduction pressure from the other competitor in the market and at last the labels that is owned by the chain of supermarket in recent years. This Supermarkets took an uphold in the Australian market which causing CCA a tough competition to stay and grow in market. Some other big brand like Pepsico and few other soft drinks and beverages company reduced their product price by giving discount on the. As a result the earning of the CCA Company reduced a lot (Taplin, 2012). The Managing director Mr. Terry Davis commented on this matter that, the company has no other option other than reducing the price of the product to sustain in Australian food and beverage market due to the discounting strategy of other rivals in supermarkets like Pepsico. He also added that its affecting the customer confidence on brand and its mainly affecting the areas which are socioeconomic ally lower sided. But he also thinks that the price set by the Pepsico is not sustainable for long term as it will fall into financial loss. The main strength of CCA from its most rival company Pepsi is that, Pepsi operate in Australia through Pepsico and Schweppes and the main bottling process is done in India, which gives Pepsi an advantage in pricing. CCA bottling is done in Sydney which can never compete in price as compare to the bottling done for Pepsi in India, which is main reason for low price of Pepsi (Horng, Jeouà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Shyan Chenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tsang Simon Tsai, 2012). Day by day the imported brand in supermarkets with lower price taking attention in consumers. The premium pricing of CCA also affecting their market as consumers are getting a cheaper one from Pepsi or other brand may be in little different taste but same type of beverages (Xiao, O'Neill Mattila, 2012). The competitors of CCA is producing the more or less same type of beverages, so there are less unique product company have to offer o consumers like Vanilla Coke. This making the competitor stronger in the Australian market. Although, CCA also improving with the consumer preference by introducing product like Coke life as compared with the Pepsi next.(Appendix2) Financial Analysis The current ratio of the company is 1.48 which can be considered healthy when compared to the industry standards. Similarly, the quick ratio of the company is 1.081 which reflects the actual financial condution of the company . The asset turover ratio is 0.81 which can be stated as substantial in the existing market conditions. However, the days creditiors is 71 days when compared to 58 days of days of debtors. The company has to take appropriate measures to rectify this situation . Recommendation: As a recommendation, it can be said that some business strategies should be maintained tactfully to capture the market share and increase demand. Customer care: Customer is the term, which mean a proper care of customer. The respective company should be promising to its customers that mean the quality of the product should be maintained properly. There are some other strategies like labelling, attractive container, decorative colours by which they can grab the customers. Improve the quality of product and maintain the quality: There needs a continuous up gradation of the quality of the product as the respective customers dont want to take other option instead of that product. Moreover, in competitive market as there are many other competitors of Coca Cola Amatil Limited so it is necessary to maintain good quality of product in existing market. Market participation should be improved: Market participation is another factor which should be keep in mind when a businessman run a business. To improve market Participation Company should promote their business in different areas of a state. As they grab their market participation and able to improve it then automatically the demand of that product will increase. More strengthen marketing strategy: Those market strategies taken by Coca Cola Company should be more strong and suitable to its present condition. Company should take advice of senior accounts of the company as they can give a overall scenario to the company. Therefore in that context the company should have some experienced advisers. More efficient marketing employee: The employer of the company should be efficient in order to meet the goal and objective of the company. Mainly the workers who are involved in the production procedure should be loyal and efficient in manner. If the employer of Coca Cola Company may successively efficient then the company will be carry a good will. Emphasize in advertisement: To promote their coca cola company should be more focused on advertising part. Moreover, in competitive market structure advertising plays an important role on behalf of the company. Therefore, to emphasize in advertising as a strategy will obviously benefited for the respective company. In international market, advertisement is the only procedure to make the customers known about the product. Maintain Research Development: Todays corporate industry became continuous changing industry. To compete in this sector one firm has to focus in the research and development of that respective product. Therefore, to upgrade new technologies Coca cola company should maintain RD department in its own. By upgrading new technologies and innovative ideas company maintain a god quality product and may be able to keep promise to their customers. As this are big challenges to the Coca cola Company to reduce the price of its product by maintaining or upgrading its quality. The challenges accepted if the research and development department of the company will focus in new invention. Conclusion: As a conclusion it can be stated the report is all about discussed the three financial statements Budget statement, Income statement and cash flow of Coca Cola Amatil Limited. The repot sated the Coca cola company has 29% of total share in the market of food beverage and tobacco in Australia moreover, it a leading company in Australian market. According to the summarization of the financial statement one can easily understand or notify that Coca Cola Company has been doing well in last few years. In the year 2015 Companys performance was very and appreciable and company was continuously doing progress in the year 2015 to 2016. The CEO of the Coca Cola Company announced to focus on research and development part of the company and the company also willing to increase its market share in the current financial year. References Andini, R. A., Simatupang, T. M. (2014). A process simulation of inventory planning and control for Minute Maid Pulpy at Coca-Cola. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 17(1), 66-82. Astami, E. W., Tower, G. (2006). Accounting-policy choice and firm characteristics in the Asia Pacific region: An international empirical test of costly contracting theory. The International Journal of Accounting, 41(1), 1-21. Barton, A. (2009). The use and abuse of accounting in the public sector financial management reform program in Australia. Abacus, 45(2), 221-248. Beekes, W., Brown, P., Zhang, Q. (2015). Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ examination. Accounting Finance, 55(4), 931-963. Boulos, R., Vikre, E. K., Oppenheimer, S., Chang, H., Kanarek, R. B. (2012). ObesiTV: how television is influencing the obesity epidemic.Physiology behavior, 107(1), 146-153. Carins, J. E., Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2014). Eating for the better: A social marketing review (20002012). Public Health Nutrition, 17(07), 1628-1639. Fre, R., Grosskopf, S. (2012). Cost and revenue constrained production. Springer Science Business Media. Goldberg, I. (2012). Functional foods: designer foods, pharmafoods, nutraceuticals. Springer Science Business Media. Goodwin, J., Ahmed, K. (2006). Longitudinal value relevance of earnings and intangible assets: Evidence from Australian firms. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 15(1), 72-91. Hattersley, L., Isaacs, B., Burch, D. (2013). Supermarket power, own-labels, and manufacturer counterstrategies: international relations of cooperation and competition in the fruit canning industry. Agriculture and human values, 30(2), 225-233. Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015). Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horng, J. S., Tsai, C. T. S. (2012). Culinary tourism strategic development: An Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pacific perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research,14(1), 40-55. Horng, Jeouà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Shyan, Chenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tsang Simon Tsai. "Culinary tourism strategic development: An Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pacific perspective." International Journal of Tourism Research 14, no. 1 (2012): 40-55. Huyue, Z. (2012). Problems in following EU Competition Law: A Case Study of Coca-Cola/Huiyuan. Peking UJ Legal Stud., 3, 96. Johnston, R., Sidaway, J. D. (2015). Geography and geographers: Anglo-American human geography since 1945. Routledge. Kumarasiri, J. (2012). Management Accounting Practices for Sustainability. In Best Practices in Management Accounting (pp. 101-114). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., ... Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 1. Nobes, C. (2012). On the Definitions of Income and Revenue in IFRS. Accounting in Europe, 9(1), 85-94. Quazi, A. M. (1997). Corporate social responsibility in diverse environments: A comparative study of managerial attitudes in Australia and Bangladesh.Business Professional Ethics Journal, 16(4), 67-84. Rae, J. G. L., Aalgeirsdttir, G., Edwards, T. L., Fettweis, X., Gregory, J. M., Hewitt, H. T., Ridley, J. K. (2012). Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance: evaluating simulations and making projections with regional climate models. The Cryosphere, 6, 1275-1294. Rosli, M. M. (2012). Competitive strategy of Malaysian small and medium enterprises: an exploratory investigation. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(1), 93-105. Taplin, R. H. (2012). Competitive importance-performance analysis of an Australian wildlife park. Tourism Management, 33(1), 29-37. Taylor, B. (2012). All in good faith'-developments in good faith bargaining requirements under the Fair Work Act. Keeping Good Companies, 64(7), 417. Van Uytsel, S. (2012). Chinas Antimonopoly Law and Its Recurrence to Standards: Economic Development or Rent-Seeking?. LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA, McAlinn Pejovic, eds., London: Routledge. Weisser, R. (2015). Budgets, BoreCons and the doctrine of dullness.Quadrant, 59(5), 24. Xiao, Q., O'Neill, J. W., Mattila, A. S. (2012). The role of hotel owners: the influence of corporate strategies on hotel performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 122-139.

South America vs. North America free essay sample

Their respective societies were also diverse. The period between 1800 and 1850 brought rapid population growth throughout the United States. In the North the overall population rose from about 5 million to 31 million during this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830 and 1850 over 2 million Irish, German, and other northern Europeans arrived in the United States. Most of them settled in the North. The population of the South was made up of white Americans and enslaved Africans. By 1800 there were about 4 million slaves in America and the United States was the largest slaveholding republic. The total population of the South reached 12 million. The South was an overwhelmingly agricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on medium sized farms, while a small number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. The South was ideal for agriculture and had the ability to grow crops in large amounts. However, only one-fourth of the Southern population owned slaves, and most of these were the planters. We will write a custom essay sample on South America vs. North America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (who rented land and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families. Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coastal plains and the small farmers in the backcountry. Since the economy was based on agriculture, industries and towns developed at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along the banks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in the South. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns. Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlantic coast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe. They were hubs of manufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural New England moved to the cities looking for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5 percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increased trade and manufacturing drew many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowded and dirty. Not until after 1830’s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systems were started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began to take root. The Southern economy was based on agriculture. Crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. They were raised on large farms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as â€Å"king† of the southern economy. Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than could be done by hand. This caused a rapid growth and expansion of cotton production. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales of cotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1 million bales a year. Cotton exports made up two-thirds of the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton, Southerners used slave labor. Slavery was essential for the South’s prosperity. The South had little manufacturing, and Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since they exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they believed that high tariffs-–taxes on imported goods—would scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. For these reasons the South was against tariffs. The North, however, favored high tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition. The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived on small farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farming—raising food crops and livestock for family use—rather than producing goods to export, or send to other countries. Northerners stated to use their â€Å"ingenuity† to manufacture all kinds of goods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developed quickly. People realized that the many surrounding waterfalls were cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to run the factories. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities. These goods were traded for foreign products, as well as transported to and from all continents by trading ships. The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities in the North. Cities took on an increasi ngly important role in determining the culture of the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers. Villages became strong centers of community activities. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most cities printed newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing, card playing, and theatre. Both religion and education were organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public education grew in the north after the 1830s, but few boys went to secondary school, and college was reserved mostly for the wealthy. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neither education nor religion were very organized. The best educated were the sons of planters. On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired private tutors to teach their children until they could be sent off to private schools. Small farmers had little or no education. Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they controlled. Planters were the aristocracy—the upper class—of the South. They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities. Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, and watching cockfights. During the first half of the 1800s transportation vastly improved, and the size of the United States more than doubled. Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships and railroads, affected the South because products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of railroad spread across the Southern states. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southern crops to the North and to European markets. Still, this was not nearly as vast a railroad system as the North. Most of the new rail lines were in the North, spanning out to the west. By 1850, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks connected distant parts of the United States. . Canals, mostly built in the North, were also a cheap source of transportation. The Erie Canal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other cities began to follow suit and within a decade a system of over 3,000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. By 1850 there were over 88,000 miles of surfaced roads. Although the Northern and Southern states shared many things, in the period of 1800-1850, their disparities began to outshine what they had in common, which helped to lead into the Civil War. Their economies were polar opposites, with the Northern industrializing and the South farming and exporting; their societies were based on two diverse things, the South being an almost aristocratic system and the North focusing on factory work and industrializing. Their governmental ideals differed, especially and so blatantly emphasized in their opinions on tariffs.